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1 who
hu:
1. pronoun((used as the subject of a verb) what person(s)(?): Who is that woman in the green hat?; Who did that?; Who won?; Do you know who all these people are?) quién, quiénes
2. relative pronoun1) ((used to refer to a person or people mentioned previously to distinguish him or them from others: used as the subject of a verb: usually replaceable by that) (the) one(s) that: The man who/that telephoned was a friend of yours; A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.)2) (used, after a comma, to introduce a further comment on a person or people: His mother, who was so proud, gave him a hug.) que•- whoever
3. pronoun1) (no matter who: Whoever rings, tell him/them I'm out.)2) ((also who ever) used in questions to express surprise etc: Whoever said that?) quienquiera que, cualquiera que•- whom
4. relative pronoun(used as the object of a verb or preposition but in everyday speech sometimes replaced by who)1) ((used to refer to a person or people mentioned previously, to distinguish him or them from others: able to be omitted or replaced by that except when following a preposition) (the) one(s) that: The man (whom/that) you mentioned is here; Today I met some friends (whom/that) I hadn't seen for ages; This is the man to whom I gave it; This is the man (whom/who/that) I gave it to.)2) (used, after a comma, to introduce a further comment on a person or people: His mother, who was so proud of him, gave him a hug.) que, quien, quienes•who pron1. quiénwho was at the party? ¿quién había en la fiesta?2. quetr['dʌbəljʊː'eɪʧ'əʊ]who ['hu:] pronwho is that?: ¿quién es ése?who did it?: ¿quién lo hizo?we know who they are: sabemos quiénes sonthe lady who lives there: la señora que vive allífor those who wait: para los que esperan, para quienes esperanpron.• cual pron.• el que pron.• que pron.• quien pron.• quién pron.noun (= World Health Organization) OMS f[huː]1. PRONwho is it? — ¿quién es?
who are they? — ¿quiénes son?
who are you looking for? — ¿a quién buscas?
who does she think she is? * — ¿quién se cree que es?
2) (in exclamations) quiénguess who! — ¡a ver si adivinas quién soy!
who should it be but Neil! — ¿a que no sabes quién era? ¡Neil!, ¡no era otro que Neil!
the girl who you spoke to has since left the company — la chica con la que or con quien or more frm con la cual hablaste ya no trabaja en la empresa
he who wishes to... — el que desee...
2.CPDWho's Who N — (=book) libro que contiene una lista de británicos famosos y destacados
WHO, WHOMtheir client list reads like a celebrity Who's Who — su lista de clientes incluye a todos los que son alguien en el mundo de la fama
In direct and indirect questions
► In direct and indirect questions as well as after expressions of (un)certainty and doubt (e.g. no sé), translate who using quién/quiénes w hen it is the subject of a verb:
Who broke the window? ¿Quién rompió la ventana?
She had no idea who her real parents were Ignoraba quiénes eran sus verdaderos padres ► When who/ whom is the object of a verb or preposition, translate using quién/quiénes p receded by personal a or another preposition as relevant:
Who(m) did you call? ¿A quién llamaste?
Who(m) is she going to marry? ¿Con quién se va a casar?
You must tell me who you are going to go out with Tienes que decirme con quién/quiénes vas a salir
In exclamations
► Translate using quién/quiénes w ith an accent as in the interrogative form:
Who would have thought it! ¡Quién lo hubiera pensado!
As relative
► When who/ whom follows the noun it refers to, the most common translation is que:
Do you recognize the three girls who have just come in? ¿Reconoces a las tres chicas que acaban de entrar?
Peter, who was at the match, has told me all about it Peter, que estuvo en el partido, me lo ha contado todo
That man (who(m)) you saw wasn't my father El hombre que viste no era mi padre NOTE: Personal a is not used before que.
"Who" as subject of a verb
► When who is the subject, que can sometimes be substituted by el cual/ la cual or quien (singular) and los cuales/ las cuales or quienes (plural). This can help avoid ambiguity:
I bumped into Ian and Sue, who had just come back from Madrid Me encontré con Ian y con Sue, la cual or quien acababa de regresar de Madrid ► Only que is possible in cases where subject who can be substituted by that, i.e. where who defines the person in question and the sentence does not make sense if you omit the who clause:
The little boy who won the cycle race is Sarah's nephew El niñito que ganó la carrera ciclista es el sobrino de Sarah
"Who(m)" as object of a verb or preposition
► When who (m) is the object of a verb, you can translate it using que as above. Alternatively, especially in formal language, use personal a + quien/ quienes or personal a + ((article)) + cual/ cuales {etc} or personal a + ((article)) + que:
The woman (who or whom) you're describing is my music teacher La señora que or a quien or a la cual or a la que describes es mi profesora de música
"Who(m)" as object of a preposition
► After prepositions, you should usually use que or cual preceded by the article or quien:
This is the girl (who or whom) I talked to you about esta es la chica de la que or de la cual or de quien te hablé For further uses and examples, see who, whom* * *noun (= World Health Organization) OMS f -
2 leech
noun[Blut]egel, der* * *[li: ](a kind of blood-sucking worm.) der Blutegel* * *<pl -es>[li:tʃ]I. nto cling to sb like a \leech an jdm wie eine Klette hängenII. vi▪ to \leech on [or off] sb/sth (rely on) von jdm/etw abhängen; (exploit) bei jdm/etw schmarotzen pej* * *[liːtʃ]nBlutegel m; (fig) Blutsauger(in) m(f)* * *leech1 [liːtʃ]A s1. ZOOL Blutegel m:apply leeches to → B;2. figa) Klette fb) Blutsauger(in)3. obs Arzt m, Ärztin fB v/t jemandem Blutegel setzenleech2 [liːtʃ] s SCHIFF Leick n, Liek n* * *noun[Blut]egel, der* * *n.(§ pl.: leeches)= Blutegel - m. -
3 leech
to cling to sb like a \leech an jdm wie eine Klette hängen; -
4 one
one [wʌn]1. adjective• one hot summer afternoon she... par un chaud après-midi d'été, elle...► one... the other• one girl was French, the other was Swiss une des filles était française, l'autre était suisse• the sea is on one side, the mountains on the other d'un côté, il y a la mer, de l'autre les montagnes► one thing ( = something that)one thing I'd like to know is where he got the money ce que j'aimerais savoir, c'est d'où lui vient l'argent• if there's one thing I can't stand it's... s'il y a une chose que je ne supporte pas, c'est...► one person ( = somebody that)one person I hate is Roy s'il y a quelqu'un que je déteste, c'est Royb. ( = a single) un seul• the one man/woman who could do it le seul/la seule qui puisse le faire• the one and only Charlie Chaplin! le seul, l'unique Charlot !c. ( = same) même2. noun• one, two, three un, deux, trois• I for one don't believe it pour ma part, je ne le crois pas━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• any one of them n'importe lequel (or laquelle)3. pronoun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• would you like one? en voulez-vous un(e) ?► adjective + one━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► one is not translated.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• that's a difficult one! ( = question) ça c'est difficile !━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The article and adjective in French are masculine or feminine, depending on the noun referred to.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• I'd like a big one ( = glass) j'en voudrais un grand• I'd like the big one ( = slice) je voudrais la grosse► the one + clause, phrase• the one who or that... celui qui (or celle qui)...• the one on the floor celui (or celle) qui est par terre• is this the one you wanted? c'est bien celui-ci (or celle-ci) que vous vouliez ?► one another l'un (e) l'autre4. compounds• his company is a one-man band (inf) il fait marcher l'affaire tout seul ► one-man show noun [of performer] spectacle m solo, one-man show m• it's a one-off (object) il n'y en a qu'un comme ça ; (event) ça ne va pas se reproduire ► one-on-one, one-one (US) adjective= one-to-one(US) = one-off► one-to-one, one-on-one, one-one (US) adjective [conversation] en tête-à-tête ; [training, counselling] individuel• to have a one-track mind n'avoir qu'une idée en tête ► one-upmanship (inf) noun art m de faire mieux que les autres• it's a one-way ticket to disaster (inf) c'est la catastrophe assurée ► one-woman adjective [business] individuel* * *Note: When one is used as a personal pronoun it is translated by on when it is the subject of the verb: one never knows = on ne sait jamais. When one is the object of the verb or comes after a preposition it is usually translated by vous: it can make one ill = cela peut vous rendre maladeFor more examples and all other uses, see the entry below[wʌn] 1.1) ( single) un/une2) (unique, sole) seulshe's one fine artist — US c'est une très grande artiste
3) ( same) même4) ( for emphasis)2.1) ( indefinite) un/une m/fcan you lend me one? — tu peux m'en prêter un/une?
every one of them — tous/toutes sans exception (+ v pl)
2) ( impersonal) ( as subject) on; ( as object) vousone would like to think that... — on aimerait penser que...
you're a one! — (colloq) toi alors!
I for one think that... — pour ma part je crois que...
4) ( demonstrative)the grey one — le gris/la grise
this one — celui-ci/celle-ci
which one? — lequel/laquelle?
that's the one — c'est celui-là/celle-là
5) ( in knitting)knit one, purl one — une maille à l'endroit, une maille à l'envers
6) ( in currency)one-fifty — ( in sterling) une livre cinquante; ( in dollars) un dollar cinquante
7) (colloq) ( drink)he's had one too many — il a bu un coup (colloq) de trop
8) (colloq) ( joke)have you heard the one about...? — est-ce que tu connais l'histoire de...?
9) (colloq) ( blow)to land ou sock somebody one — en coller une à quelqu'un (colloq)
10) (colloq) (question, problem)3.1) ( number) un m; ( referring to feminine) une fto throw a one — ( on dice) faire un un
2) ( person)4.her loved ones — ceux qui lui sont/étaient chers
as one adverbial phrase [rise] comme un seul homme; [shout, reply] tous ensemble5.one by one adverbial phrase [pick up, wash] un par un/une par une••to be one up on somebody — (colloq) avoir un avantage sur quelqu'un
to have a thousand ou million and one things to do — avoir un tas de choses à faire
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5 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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6 ahead
[ə'hed]1) (spatially) [go on, run] (in) avantito send sb. on ahead — mandare avanti qcn.
a few kilometres ahead — qualche chilometro avanti, a qualche chilometro
2) (in time)in the months ahead — nei mesi futuri o a venire
3) fig. (in leading position)to be 30 points, 3% ahead — avere 30 punti di vantaggio, essere in vantaggio del 3%
4) fig. (more advanced)to be ahead in — [pupil, set] essere avanti in [ school subject]
5) ahead of (in front of) davanti a [person, vehicle]to be three metres ahead of sb. — essere avanti di tre metri rispetto a qcn.
to be three seconds ahead of sb. — avere tre secondi di vantaggio su qcn.
to arrive ahead of sb. — arrivare prima di qcn.; (leading)
to be ahead of sb. — (in polls, ratings) essere in vantaggio su o rispetto a qcn.; (more advanced)
to be (way) ahead of the others — [ pupil] essere (molto) avanti rispetto agli altri
••to be ahead of the field — [ business] essere leader del settore
Note:Ahead is often used after verbs in English ( go ahead, plan ahead, think ahead etc.): for translations consult the appropriate verb entry (go, plan, think etc.). - For other uses, see the entry below* * *[ə'hed](often with of) in front; in advance: He went on ahead of me; We are well ahead (of our rivals). davanti a, avanti* * *[ə'hed]1) (spatially) [go on, run] (in) avantito send sb. on ahead — mandare avanti qcn.
a few kilometres ahead — qualche chilometro avanti, a qualche chilometro
2) (in time)in the months ahead — nei mesi futuri o a venire
3) fig. (in leading position)to be 30 points, 3% ahead — avere 30 punti di vantaggio, essere in vantaggio del 3%
4) fig. (more advanced)to be ahead in — [pupil, set] essere avanti in [ school subject]
5) ahead of (in front of) davanti a [person, vehicle]to be three metres ahead of sb. — essere avanti di tre metri rispetto a qcn.
to be three seconds ahead of sb. — avere tre secondi di vantaggio su qcn.
to arrive ahead of sb. — arrivare prima di qcn.; (leading)
to be ahead of sb. — (in polls, ratings) essere in vantaggio su o rispetto a qcn.; (more advanced)
to be (way) ahead of the others — [ pupil] essere (molto) avanti rispetto agli altri
••to be ahead of the field — [ business] essere leader del settore
Note:Ahead is often used after verbs in English ( go ahead, plan ahead, think ahead etc.): for translations consult the appropriate verb entry (go, plan, think etc.). - For other uses, see the entry below -
7 share
ʃeə
1. noun1) (one of the parts of something that is divided among several people etc: We all had a share of the cake; We each paid our share of the bill.) parte2) (the part played by a person in something done etc by several people etc: I had no share in the decision.) parte3) (a fixed sum of money invested in a business company by a shareholder.) acción, participación
2. verb1) ((usually with among, between, with) to divide among a number of people: We shared the money between us.) repartir, dividir2) (to have, use etc (something that another person has or uses); to allow someone to use (something one has or owns): The students share a sitting-room; The little boy hated sharing his toys.) compartir3) ((sometimes with in) to have a share of with someone else: He wouldn't let her share the cost of the taxi.) compartir•- share and share alike
share1 n parteshare2 vb1. dividir / repartir2. compartirtr[ʃeəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (portion) parte nombre femenino■ you've already eaten your share! ¡ya te has comido tu parte!2 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (held by shareholder) acción nombre femenino; (held by partner) participación nombre femenino1 (have or use with others) compartir; (have in common) compartir, tener en común■ can you share one book between two? ¿podéis compartir un libro entre los dos?2 (tell news, feelings, etc) compartir3 (divide) repartir, dividir1 compartir\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLa problem shared is a problem halved las penas compartidas son menos penasto share and share alike compartir las cosasto do one's share hacer su parteto go shares pagar a mediasshare capital capital nombre masculino socialshare price cotización nombre femenino1) apportion: dividir, repartir2) : compartirthey share a room: comparten una habitaciónshare vi: compartirshare n1) portion: parte f, porción fone's fair share: lo que le corresponde a uno2) : acción f (en una compañía)to hold shares: tener accionesn.• acción (Banca) s.f.• aportación s.f.• compartir s.m.• cuota s.f.• cupo s.m.• escote s.m.• lote s.m.• parte s.f.• participación s.f.• quiñón s.m.v.• compartir v.• dividir v.• participar v.• partir v.• repartir v.• sobrellevar v.ʃer, ʃeə(r)
I
1) c ( portion) parte fhow much is my share of the bill? — ¿cuánto me toca pagar a mí?
he's had his share of bad luck — ha tenido bastante mala suerte or su buena cuota de mala suerte
to work on shares — (AmE) trabajar como socios
2) (Busn, Fin)a) ( held by partner) (no pl) participación fb) c ( held by shareholder) acción fto hold shares in a company — tener* acciones en una compañía; (before n)
share capital — capital m social
share certificate — (título m or certificado m de) acción f
share index — índice m de cotización en bolsa
share prices — cotización f de las acciones
II
1.
1)a) ( use jointly)b) ( have in common) \<\<interest/opinion\>\> compartir; \<\<characteristics\>\> tener* en común2)a) ( divide) dividirb) ( communicate) \<\<experience/knowledge\>\> intercambiar
2.
via) ( use jointly) compartiryou may have to share with somebody — puede ser que tengas que compartir la habitación (or el despacho etc) con alguien
b) ( have a part)to share IN something — compartir algo, participar de algo
Phrasal Verbs:
I [ʃɛǝ(r)]1. N1) (=portion) parte f, porción fa share of or in the profits — una proporción de las ganancias
how much will my share be? — ¿cuánto me corresponderá a mí?
your share is £5 — te tocan 5 libras
•
to do one's (fair) share (of sth) — hacer lo que a uno le toca or corresponde (de algo)he doesn't do his share — no hace todo lo que debiera, no hace todo lo que le toca or corresponde
•
to have a share in sth — participar en algowe've had our share of misfortunes — hemos sufrido bastante infortunio, hemos sufrido lo nuestro
•
to take a share in doing sth — hacer su parte en algo2) (Econ) acción f2. VT1) (=split, divide) [+ resource, benefit] repartir, dividir, partirwould you like to share the bottle with me? — ¿quieres compartir la botella conmigo?
2) (=accept equally) [+ duty, responsibility, task] compartir, corresponsabilizarse deto share the blame — [one person] aceptar su parte de culpa; [more than one person] corresponsabilizarse de la culpa
3) (=have in common) [+ characteristic, quality] compartir, tener en común; [+ experience, opinion] compartirtwo nations who share a common language — dos naciones que tienen en común or comparten la misma lengua
it can be beneficial to share your feelings with someone you trust — puede resultar beneficioso compartir or contar tus sentimientos a alguien de confianza
3.VI compartir ( with con)I share with three other women — (room, flat etc) vivo con otras tres mujeres
4.CPDshare capital N — capital m social en acciones
share certificate N — (certificado m or título m de una) acción f
share earnings NPL — dividendos mpl
share index N — índice m de la Bolsa
share issue N — emisión f de acciones
share offer N — oferta f de acciones
share option N — stock option f, opción f sobre acciones
share ownership N — propiedad f de acciones
share premium N — prima f de emisión
share price N — precio m de las acciones
II
[ʃɛǝ(r)]N (Agr) (=ploughshare) reja f* * *[ʃer, ʃeə(r)]
I
1) c ( portion) parte fhow much is my share of the bill? — ¿cuánto me toca pagar a mí?
he's had his share of bad luck — ha tenido bastante mala suerte or su buena cuota de mala suerte
to work on shares — (AmE) trabajar como socios
2) (Busn, Fin)a) ( held by partner) (no pl) participación fb) c ( held by shareholder) acción fto hold shares in a company — tener* acciones en una compañía; (before n)
share capital — capital m social
share certificate — (título m or certificado m de) acción f
share index — índice m de cotización en bolsa
share prices — cotización f de las acciones
II
1.
1)a) ( use jointly)b) ( have in common) \<\<interest/opinion\>\> compartir; \<\<characteristics\>\> tener* en común2)a) ( divide) dividirb) ( communicate) \<\<experience/knowledge\>\> intercambiar
2.
via) ( use jointly) compartiryou may have to share with somebody — puede ser que tengas que compartir la habitación (or el despacho etc) con alguien
b) ( have a part)to share IN something — compartir algo, participar de algo
Phrasal Verbs: -
8 behind
❢ When used as a preposition to talk about the physical position of something, behind is translated by derrière: behind the house = derrière la maison. behind is sometimes used in verb combinations ( fall behind, lag behind etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (fall, lag etc).For adverbial uses and figurative prepositional uses see the entry below.A ○ n derrière ○ m.B adj to be behind with avoir du retard dans [studies, work] ; to be too far behind avoir trop de retard ; to be behind in one's research être en retard dans ses recherches ; to be a long way behind être franchement en retard ; I'm behind with my rent je n'ai pas payé mon loyer.C adv [follow on, trail] derrière ; [look, glance] en arrière ; the car behind la voiture de derrière.D prep1 ( at rear of) ( physically) derrière [person, vehicle, object] ; the mountains behind the town les montagnes qui se trouvent/trouvaient derrière la ville ; behind my back lit derrière le dos ; fig derrière mon dos ;2 ( at other side of) derrière [desk, counter, barrier, line] ; to work behind the bar être barman/barmaid m/f ;3 fig ( concealed) behind the smile derrière son sourire ; the reality behind the façade la réalité derrière les apparences ; the real story behind the news la véritable histoire que les médias n'ont pas révélée ;5 fig ( motivating) the reasons behind his declaration les raisons qui motivent/motivaient etc sa déclaration ; what is behind his actions? qu'est-ce qui le pousse à agir ainsi? ; who is behind this proposal? qui est à l'origine de cette proposition? ;6 fig ( supporting) to be (solidly) behind sb soutenir qn (à fond) ; he has no family behind him il n'a pas de famille pour le soutenir ; the woman behind the man journ la femme en coulisses ;7 fig ( in past) he has three years' experience behind him il a trois ans d'expérience derrière lui ; those days are behind me now cette période est bien loin ; I've put all that behind me now j'ai oublié tout ça. -
9 wing
wiŋ1) (one of the arm-like limbs of a bird or bat, which it usually uses in flying, or one of the similar limbs of an insect: The eagle spread his wings and flew away; The bird cannot fly as it has an injured wing; These butterflies have red and brown wings.) ala2) (a similar structure jutting out from the side of an aeroplane: the wings of a jet.) ala3) (a section built out to the side of a (usually large) house: the west wing of the hospital.) ala4) (any of the corner sections of a motor vehicle: The rear left wing of the car was damaged.) aleta5) (a section of a political party or of politics in general: the Left/Right wing.) ala6) (one side of a football etc field: He made a great run down the left wing.) ala, extremo, banda7) (in rugby and hockey, a player who plays mainly down one side of the field.) ala, extremo8) (in the air force, a group of three squadrons of aircraft.) escuadrón•- winged- - winged
- winger
- wingless
- wings
- wing commander
- wingspan
- on the wing
- take under one's wing
wing n1. ala2. ala / extremotr[wɪŋ]1 (gen) ala2 SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL aleta1 volar1 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL bastidores nombre masculino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLon the wing volandoto take somebody under one's wings tomar a alguien bajo su protecciónto take wing alzar el vueloto wait in the wings esperar la entrada en escenato wing one's way ir volandowing chair sillón nombre masculino de orejas, orejerowing commander teniente nombre masculino coronelwing mirror (espejo) retrovisor nombre masculino exteriorwing nut tuerca mariposawing tip punta del alawing ['wɪŋ] vifly: volarwing n1) : ala f (de un ave, un avión, o un edificio)2) faction: ala fthe right wing of the party: el ala derecha del partido3) wings npl: bastidores mpl (de un teatro)4)on the wing : al vuelo, volando5)under one's wing : bajo el cargo de unon.• ala (Pájaro) s.f.• ala s.f.• aleta (Automóvil) s.f.• bastidor s.m.• brazo s.m.• exterior s.m.• plano s.m.• volar s.m.• vuelo s.m.
I wɪŋ1) c u ( Zool) ala f‡a bird on the wing — un pájaro volando or en vuelo
to take wing — (liter) levantar or alzar* el vuelo
to clip somebody's wings — cortarle las alas a alguien
to spread o stretch one's wings: he wants to spread his wings quiere alzar or levantar el vuelo; under somebody's/something's wing: she took the new girl under her wing — se hizo cargo de la chica nueva
2) ( Aviat) ala f‡3) (BrE Auto) guardabarros m or (Méx) salpicadera f or (Chi, Per) tapabarros m; (before n)wing mirror — espejo m retrovisor exterior
4) ( Sport)a) ( part of field) ala f‡b) (player, position) ala mf‡, alero mf, extremo mf6) ( of building) ala f‡7) wings pla) ( Theat)to wait in the wings: if he doesn't play well, there are others waiting in the wings — si no juega bien, hay quienes están listos para sustituirlo
b) ( insignia) (Aviat, Mil) insignia f
II
[wɪŋ]to wing one's way: we were soon winging our way to Italy poco tiempo después estábamos camino a Italia; to wing it — ( improvise) (AmE colloq) arreglárselas sobre la marcha
1. N1) [of bird] ala f•
to be on the wing — estar volando•
to take wing — liter irse volando, alzar el vuelo- clip sb's wings- do sth on a wing and a prayer- stretch or spread one's wings- take sb under one's wing2) [of chair] orejera f, oreja f3) (Sport) (=position) extremo m, ala f ; (=player) extremo(-a) m / f, alero(-a) m / f4) (Archit) ala fthe east/west wing — el ala este/oeste
5) (=section) ala f6) (Brit) (Aut) aleta f7) wings (Theat) bastidores mpl- be waiting in the wings2. VT1)to wing one's way: soon they were airborne and winging their way south — poco tiempo después iban (transportados) por aire en dirección sur
2) (=wound) [+ bird] tocar en el ala, herir en el ala; [+ person] herir en el brazo/hombro3)to wing it — (Theat) (also fig) * improvisar sobre la marcha
3.CPDwing back N — (Ftbl) lateral mf
wing case N — (Zool) élitro m
wing chair N — butaca f de orejas, butaca f orejera
wing collar N — cuello m de puntas
wing commander N — teniente mf coronel de aviación
wing forward N — (Rugby) ala mf
wing mirror N — retrovisor m
* * *
I [wɪŋ]1) c u ( Zool) ala f‡a bird on the wing — un pájaro volando or en vuelo
to take wing — (liter) levantar or alzar* el vuelo
to clip somebody's wings — cortarle las alas a alguien
to spread o stretch one's wings: he wants to spread his wings quiere alzar or levantar el vuelo; under somebody's/something's wing: she took the new girl under her wing — se hizo cargo de la chica nueva
2) ( Aviat) ala f‡3) (BrE Auto) guardabarros m or (Méx) salpicadera f or (Chi, Per) tapabarros m; (before n)wing mirror — espejo m retrovisor exterior
4) ( Sport)a) ( part of field) ala f‡b) (player, position) ala mf‡, alero mf, extremo mf6) ( of building) ala f‡7) wings pla) ( Theat)to wait in the wings: if he doesn't play well, there are others waiting in the wings — si no juega bien, hay quienes están listos para sustituirlo
b) ( insignia) (Aviat, Mil) insignia f
II
to wing one's way: we were soon winging our way to Italy poco tiempo después estábamos camino a Italia; to wing it — ( improvise) (AmE colloq) arreglárselas sobre la marcha
-
10 ahead
ahead [əˈhed]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ adverba. (in space) stay here, I'll go on ahead restez ici, moi je vais devantb. (in classification, sport) en tête• the goal put Scotland 2-1 ahead grâce à ce but, l'Écosse menait 2 à 1* * *Note: ahead is often used after verbs in English ( go ahead, plan ahead, think ahead etc). For translations consult the appropriate verb entry (go, plan, think etc). For all other uses see the entry below[ə'hed] 1.1) ( spatially) [go on, run] en avant2) ( in time)at least a year ahead — [apply] au moins un an à l'avance
3) fig ( in leading position)to be 3% ahead — avoir une avance de 3%
4) fig ( more advanced)2.to be ahead in — [pupil, set] être plus avancé en [school subject]
ahead of prepositional phrase1) ( in front of) devant [person, vehicle]to be three metres/seconds ahead of somebody — avoir trois mètres/secondes d'avance sur quelqu'un
2) ( leading)to be ahead of somebody — (in polls, ratings) avoir un avantage sur quelqu'un
3) fig ( more advanced)to be (way) ahead of the others — [pupil] être (bien) plus avancé que les autres
to be ahead of the field — [business] devancer les autres
-
11 ahead
❢ Ahead is often used after verbs in English ( go ahead, plan ahead, think ahead etc). For translations consult the appropriate verb entry (go, plan, think etc). For all other uses see the entry below.A adv1 ( spatially) [go on, run] en avant ; we've sent Josephine on ahead nous avons envoyé Josephine en éclaireur ; to send one's luggage on ahead faire envoyer ses bagages ; the road (up) ahead is blocked la rue est barrée ; can you see what is wrong ahead? est-ce que tu vois ce qui se passe (devant)? ; a few kilometres ahead à quelques kilomètres ; a road/waterfall appeared ahead une rue/chute d'eau est apparue devant nous/lui etc ; full speed ahead Naut en avant toute ; ⇒ straight ;2 ( in time) in the months/years ahead pendant les mois/années à venir ; to apply at least a year ahead envoyer sa candidature au moins un an à l'avance ; who knows what lies ahead? qui sait ce que l'avenir nous réserve? ; there are troubled times ahead for the government une période difficile s'annonce pour le gouvernement ;3 fig ( in leading position) to be ahead in the polls être en tête dans les sondages ; to be 30 points ahead avoir 30 points d'avance ; to be 3% ahead avoir une avance de 3% ; another goal put them ahead un autre but leur a permis de mener ;4 fig ( more advanced) to be ahead in physics/geography [pupil, set] être plus avancé en physique/géographie.1 ( spatially) devant [person, vehicle] ; to be three metres ahead of sb avoir trois mètres d'avance sur qn ;2 ( in time) to be three seconds ahead of the next competitor avoir trois secondes d'avance sur le concurrent suivant ; ahead of time en avance ; our rivals are one year ahead of us nos rivaux sont en avance d'un an par rapport à nous ; to arrive ahead of sb arriver avant qn ; there are difficult times ahead of us une période difficile nous attend ;4 fig ( more advanced) to be (way) ahead of the others [pupil, set] être (bien) plus avancé que les autres ; to be ahead of the field [business] devancer les autres ; to be ten years ahead of the field ( in research) être dix ans en avance or avoir dix ans d'avance dans le domaine.to be ahead of one's time être en avance sur son temps.
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